Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Science Matters. Mostrar todas as mensagens
Mostrar mensagens com a etiqueta Science Matters. Mostrar todas as mensagens

domingo, 12 de abril de 2009

EDGE: KRAUSSFEST 2009


The Origins Initiative at ASU, under the leadership of its Director, physicist and Edge contributor Lawrence Krauss, is a University-wide initiative to focus on deep and foundational questions ranging across the entire spectrum of scholarship at ASU. The three-day Origins Symposium explored forefront questions at the edge of knowledge: from the origin of the universe and the laws of nature to the evolution of life, humans, consciousness, and culture. The symposium, which took place April 3-6 and consisted of private scientific seminars and large public lectures, was an intellectual extravaganza, a "Kraussfest", which assembled in one place a group containing the most well known scientific public intellectuals in the world, many of whom are well-known to readers of these pages. The entire program was available globally through a live webcast, and a video archive of the proceedings will soon be online on the Origins Initiative Website.

quinta-feira, 15 de janeiro de 2009

How the Universe Got Its Spots:

Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space

Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the Early Universe, Chaos, and Black Holes. Her second book – a novel, “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines” (Knopf, 2006)– won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers that "honors an exceptionally talented fiction writer whose debut work...represents distinguished literary achievement..." It was also a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction". She is the author of the popular science book, “How the Universe Got Its Spots: diary of a finite time in a finite space”.

Description

Is the universe infinite, or is it just really big? Does nature abhor infinity? In startling and beautiful prose, Janna Levin's diary of unsent letters to her mother describes what we know about the shape and extent of the universe, about its beginning and its end. She grants the uninitiated access to the astounding findings of contemporary theoretical physics and makes tangible the contours of space and time--those very real curves along which apples fall and planets orbit.

Levin guides the reader through the observations and thought-experiments that have enabled physicists to begin charting the universe. She introduces the cosmic archaeology that makes sense of the pattern of hot spots left over from the big bang, a pursuit on the verge of discovering the shape of space itself. And she explains the topology and the geometry of the universe now coming into focus--a strange map of space full of black holes, chaotic flows, time warps, and invisible strings. Levin advances the controversial idea that this map is edgeless but finite--that the universe is huge but not unending--a radical revelation that would provide the ultimate twist to the Copernican revolution by locating our precise position in the cosmos.

As she recounts our increasingly rewarding attempt to know the universe, Levin tells her personal story as a scientist isolated by her growing knowledge. This book is her remarkable effort to reach across the distance of that knowledge and share what she knows with family and friends--and with us. Highly personal and utterly original, this physicist's diary is a breathtaking contemplation of our deep connection with the universe and our aspirations to comprehend it.

Reviews:

"If the universe is infinite, then its possibilities are infinite as well. But in How the Universe Got Its Spots, the astrophysicist Janna Levin insists that infinity works as a hypothetical concept only, and that it is not found in nature."--Lauren Porcaro, New Yorker

"The intellectual-emotional balance, and the finely tuned prose, are what makes this different from the very many other books on cosmology. And Levin has found an interesting way to do this; the book is in the form of letters to her mother."--Toronto Globe and Mail

"Often elegiac in tone like a premature swansong from a young scientist with much to say--How the Universe Got Its Spots is a genuine attempt to break down barriers, both intellectual and emotional, between scientists and their wished-for-audience."--Ken Grimes and Alison Boyle, Astronomy

"This intimate account of the life and thought of a physicist is one of the nicest scientific books I have ever read--personal and honest, clear and informative, entertaining and difficult to put down."--Alejandro Gangui, American Scientist

"In an engaging, quirky collection of letters originally intended for her mother, Levin describes her quest as a cosmologist to understand both the topology of the universe and her place in it."--Discover (20 Best Science Books of the Year)

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 [HTML] or [PDF]

quarta-feira, 14 de janeiro de 2009

Looking for Life in the Universe

by Ellen Jackson

In Looking for Life in the Universe, Author Ellen Jackson and photographer Nic Bishop introduce readers to Dr. Jill Tarter, the Institutes Director of SETI Research, and her thrilling, rigorous, and awe-inspiring work in the field.

Here is how the publishers describe this award-winning childrens book: Human beings have always looked at the heavens and asked: Are we alone? Is there life elsewhere in the universe? What is that life like? Unfortunately, people can't actually travel to other solar systems. Even the closest stars are too far away to visit. Today, astrophysicists such as Jill Tarter are looking for other ways to search for extraterrestrial life. Jill is the director of Project Phoenix at the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California. SETI stands for "Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence." Twice a year, Jill and her team travel to the mountains of Puerto Rico where they use the world's largest radio telescope to examine nearby stars. They search the sky, listening for radio signals that, if found and verified, would provide strong evidence that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe.

Winner of the 2002 National Science Teachers Association Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children Award!

SETI Institute - publications

Looking for Life in the Universe is available at Amazon.com

Bienvenue sur le site coordinateur de

l'Année Mondiale de l'Astronomie en France

Le but de l'Année Mondiale de l'Astronomie est d'aider les citoyens du monde à redécouvrir leur place dans l'univers par l'observation du ciel, de jour et de nuit, et faire sentir à chacun l'émerveillement de la découverte. Tous les humains devraient réaliser l'impact de l'astronomie et des sciences de base dans nos vies quotidiennes, et mieux comprendre comment la connaissance scientifique peut contribuer à une société plus équitable et plus paisible.

L'Année Mondiale de l'Astronomie 2009 (AMA09) est une célébration globale de l'astronomie et de ses contributions à la société et à la culture, motivée par le 400ème anniversaire de la première utilisation de la lunette astronomique par Galilée. L'objectif d'AMA09 est de stimuler l'intérêt du public, particulièrement parmi les jeunes, pour l'astronomie et la science sous le thème central "l'Univers, découvrez ses mystères". Les événements et les activités d'AMA09 favoriseront une plus grande appréciation de l'inspiration qu'apporte l'astronomie, une ressource de valeur inestimable partagée par toutes les nations.
Les Nations Unies et l'UNESCO ont déclaré l'année 2009, Année Mondiale de l'Astronomie, suivant la proposition de l'Union Astronomique Internationale (UAI). L'UAI coordonne les manifestations correspondantes, relayée au niveau national par un comité de pilotage constitué de chercheurs de la discipline.

Près de cent vingt pays participent à l'organisation de l'Année Mondiale de l'Astronomie en 2009 !!! Un très grand enthousiasme anime tous les amoureux du ciel.

Les projets développés dans le cadre de IYA2009 permettront aux astronomes professionnels de tous les pays membres de l'UAI de renforcer les collaborations scientifiques et de partager les connaissances, les bases de données et les télescopes. À travers les nombreuses activités proposées, le public pourra lui aussi accéder aux dernières découvertes, interroger les astrophysiciens et observer en direct les astres les plus fascinants des deux hémisphères.

quinta-feira, 8 de janeiro de 2009

How science works: The flowchart


This flowchart represents the process of scientific inquiry, through which we build reliable knowledge of the natural world. You can use it to trace the development of different scientific ideas and/or the research efforts of individual scientists. Most ideas take a circuitous path through the process, shaped by unique people and events.

Move your mouse pointer over the flowchart to reveal an additional level of detail. Click on items in the flowchart to get further information in Understanding Science 101.
Resource Library
  • Teaching resources — find classroom activities, teaching tools, a K-16 conceptual framework, tips, and strategies for integrating the process of science into your teaching, and more.
  • Correcting misconceptions — clear up common misconceptions about the nature of science.
  • Science in action — explore case studies, profiles, and news about scientists and how they work.
  • Frequently asked questions — find answers to common questions about how science works and submit your own.

YEAR OF SCIENCE 2009!! - YOS Home

domingo, 28 de dezembro de 2008

A New Kind of Science

By Stephen Wolfram

Stephen Wolfram is a scientist, author, and business leader. He is the creator of Mathematica, the author of A New Kind of Science, and the founder and CEO of Wolfram Research. His career has been characterized by a sequence of original and significant achievements.

Born in London in 1959, Wolfram was educated at Eton, Oxford, and Caltech. He published his first scientific paper at the age of 15, and had received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Caltech by the age of 20. Wolfram's early scientific work was mainly in high-energy physics, quantum field theory, and cosmology, and included several now-classic results. Having started to use computers in 1973, Wolfram rapidly became a leader in the emerging field of scientific computing, and in 1979 he began the construction of SMP--the first modern computer algebra system--which he released commercially in 1981.

In recognition of his early work in physics and computing, Wolfram became in 1981 the youngest recipient of a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. Late in 1981 Wolfram then set out on an ambitious new direction in science aimed at understanding the origins of complexity in nature. Wolfram's first key idea was to use computer experiments to study the behavior of simple computer programs known as cellular automata. And starting in 1982 this allowed him to make a series of startling discoveries about the origins of complexity. The papers Wolfram published quickly had a major impact, and laid the groundwork for the emerging field that Wolfram called "complex systems research."

Through the mid-1980s, Wolfram continued his work on complexity, discovering a number of fundamental connections between computation and nature, and inventing such concepts as computational irreducibility. Wolfram's work led to a wide range of applications--and provided the main scientific foundations for such initiatives as complexity theory and artificial life. Wolfram himself used his ideas to develop a new randomness generation system and a new approach to computational fluid dynamics--both of which are now in widespread use.

Following his scientific work on complex systems research, in 1986 Wolfram founded the first research center and the first journal in the field. Then, after a highly successful career in academia--first at Caltech, then at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and finally as Professor of Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science at the University of Illinois--Wolfram launched Wolfram Research, Inc.

Wolfram began the development of Mathematica in late 1986. The first version of Mathematica was released on June 23, 1988, and was immediately hailed as a major advance in computing. In the years that followed, the popularity of Mathematica grew rapidly, and Wolfram Research became established as a world leader in the software industry, widely recognized for excellence in both technology and business.

Following the release of Mathematica Version 2 in 1991, Wolfram began to divide his time between Mathematica development and scientific research. Building on his work from the mid-1980s, and now with Mathematica as a tool, Wolfram made a rapid succession of major new discoveries. By the mid-1990s his discoveries led him to develop a fundamentally new conceptual framework, which he then spent the remainder of the 1990s applying not only to new kinds of questions, but also to many existing foundational problems in physics, biology, computer science, mathematics, and several other fields.

After more than ten years of highly concentrated work, Wolfram finally described his achievements in his 1200-page book A New Kind of Science. Released on May 14, 2002, the book was widely acclaimed and immediately became a bestseller. Its publication has been seen as initiating a paradigm shift of historic importance in science, with new implications emerging at an increasing rate every year.

Wolfram has been president and CEO of Wolfram Research since its founding in 1987. In addition to his business leadership, Wolfram is deeply involved in the development of the company's technology, and continues to be personally responsible for overseeing all aspects of the functional design of the core Mathematica system.

Wolfram has a lifelong commitment to research and education. In addition to providing software for a generation of scientists and students, Wolfram's company maintains some of the web's most visited sites for technical information. Wolfram is also increasingly active in defining new directions for education, especially in the science he has created.

Building on Mathematica, A New Kind of Science, and the success of Wolfram Research, Wolfram has recently launched several highly creative initiatives that can be expected to have major impacts in diverse areas.

Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind of Science Online - Table of Contents
Stephen Wolfram: Official Website
Mathematica Books Written by Stephen Wolfram
Stephen Wolfram: Articles on Cellular Automata

domingo, 14 de dezembro de 2008

The Republican War on Science


Science has never been more crucial to deciding the political issues facing the country. Yet science and scientists have less influence with the federal government than at any time since the Eisenhower administration.

In the White House and Congress today, findings are reported in a politicized manner; spun or distorted to fit the speaker’s agenda; or, when they’re too inconvenient, ignored entirely. On a broad array of issues—stem cell research, climate change, abstinence education, mercury pollution, and many others—the Bush administration’s positions fly in the face of overwhelming scientific consensus.

In The Republican War on Science, Chris Mooney tied together the disparate strands of the attack on science into a compelling and frightening account of our government’s increasing unwillingness to distinguish between legitimate research and ideologically driven pseudoscience.
Now, in a revised and expanded paperback edition, Mooney brings us up to date on the war on science, relates the phenomenon to the Bush administration’s handling of the Iraq war and Hurricane Katrina—and ends with a call to arms to scientists and their allies.
Chris is senior correspondent for The American Prospect magazine and author of two books, including the New York Times bestselling The Republican War on Sciencedubbed “a landmark in contemporary political reporting” by Salon.com and a “well-researched, closely argued and amply referenced indictment of the right wing’s assault on science and scientists” by Scientific American —and Storm World: Hurricanes, Politics, and the Battle Over Global Warming —dubbed “riveting” by the Boston Globe and selected as a 2007 best book of the year in the science category by Publisher’s Weekly. He also writes “The Intersection” blog with Sheril Kirshenbaum.

segunda-feira, 8 de dezembro de 2008

Misconceptions about science

Misinterpretations of the scientific process

This section explains and corrects some common misconceptions about science and how it works. You can explore the following sections:

Understanding Science

An overview

To understand what science is, just look around you. What do you see? Perhaps, your hand on the mouse, a computer screen, papers, ballpoint pens, the family cat, the sun shining through the window …. Science is, in one sense, our knowledge of all that — all the stuff that is in the universe: from the tiniest subatomic particles in a single atom of the metal in your computer's circuits, to the nuclear reactions that formed the immense ball of gas that is our sun, to the complex chemical interactions and electrical fluctuations within your own body that allow you to read and understand these words. But just as importantly, science is also a reliable process by which we learn about all that stuff in the universe. However, science is different from many other ways of learning because of the way it is done. Science relies on testing ideas with evidence gathered from the natural world. This website will help you learn more about science as a process of learning about the natural world and access the parts of science that affect your life.

Science helps satisfy the natural curiosity with which we are all born: why is the sky blue, how did the leopard get its spots, what is a solar eclipse? With science, we can answer such questions without resorting to magical explanations. And science can lead to technological advances, as well as helping us learn about enormously important and useful topics, such as our health, the environment, and natural hazards. Without science, the modern world would not be modern at all, and we still have much to learn. Millions of scientists all over the world are working to solve different parts of the puzzle of how the universe works, peering into its nooks and crannies, deploying their microscopes, telescopes, and other tools to unravel its secrets.

Science is complex and multi-faceted, but the most important characteristics of science are straightforward:
  • Science focuses exclusively on the natural world, and does not deal with supernatural explanations.

  • Science is a way of learning about what is in the natural world, how the natural world works, and how the natural world got to be the way it is. It is not simply a collection of facts; rather it is a path to understanding.

  • Scientists work in many different ways, but all science relies on testing ideas by figuring out what expectations are generated by an idea and making observations to find out whether those expectations hold true.

  • Accepted scientific ideas are reliable because they have been subjected to rigorous testing, but as new evidence is acquired and new perspectives emerge these ideas can be revised.

  • Science is a community endeavor. It relies on a system of checks and balances, which helps ensure that science moves in the direction of greater accuracy and understanding. This system is facilitated by diversity within the scientific community, which offers a broad range of perspectives on scientific ideas.

To many, science may seem like an arcane, ivory-towered institution — but that impression is based on a misunderstanding of science. In fact:

  • Science affects your life everyday in all sorts of different ways.

  • Science can be fun and is accessible to everyone.

  • You can apply an understanding of how science works to your everyday life.

  • Anyone can become a scientist — of the amateur or professional variety.

Where to begin?

Here are some places you may want to start your investigation:

How science works: The flowchart

A guide to Understanding Science 101

Understanding Science

Year of Science 2009!

A Celebration of How We Know What We Know

Why are we celebrating Science?

Science helps satisfy the natural curiosity with which we are all born: why is the sky blue, how did the leopard get its spots, what is a solar eclipse? With science, we can answer such questions without resorting to magical explanations. And science can lead to technological advances, as well as helping us learn about enormously important and useful topics, such as our health, the environment, and natural hazards. Without science, the modern world would not be modern at all, and we still have much to learn.

Millions of scientists all over the world are working to solve different parts of the puzzle of how the universe works, peering into its nooks and crannies, deploying their microscopes, telescopes, and other tools to unravel its secrets.

To many, science may seem like an arcane, ivory-towered institution -- but that impression is based on a misunderstanding of science. In fact:
  • Science affects your life everyday in all sorts of different ways.
  • Science can be fun and is accessible to everyone.
  • You can apply an understanding of how science works to your everyday life.
  • Anyone can become a scientist -- of the amateur or professional variety.

In 2009, we are celebrating science and you are invited to join in on the celebration!

Images and text from the new Understanding Science website.

SAN DIEGO REGION’S FIRST SCIENCE FESTIVAL

TO BE LAUNCHED MARCH 2009

Over 250 Free Events Already Scheduled

Have you ever wanted to sit down and chat with a Nobel Laureate? Did you know that red wine not only goes well with steak, but also has anti-aging properties? Have you ever wanted to uncover the mysteries of baseball’s knuckleball? Were you curious about the science behind Harry Potter’s magic? These and other intriguing questions will be answered at the Inaugural Non Profit San Diego Science Festival (SDSF), the biggest celebration of science the West Coast has ever seen!

The Festival will descend on San Diego with events throughout the county in March and April 2009 with something for everyone, from the smallest child to even the most established scientist. The first of its kind on the West Coast, the San Diego Science Festival promises to be the ultimate multi-cultural, multi-generational, multi-disciplinary celebration of science.

Inspired by international science festivals that draw crowds in the hundreds of thousands, the goal of the San Diego Science Festival is to increase community awareness of science and inspire our nation’s youth to consider science-related careers. At the same time, the science festival will unite our community and showcase the amazing science and innovation occurring throughout San Diego. The month-long event celebrates the Science and Innovation all around us with events, lectures, field trips and activities countywide to engage all audiences from students, to teachers, to parents, to science professionals, or anyone that is just curious. The theme of this year¹s Festival is the Science of You.



domingo, 30 de novembro de 2008

Cool Science

Cool Science for Curious Kids The Howard Hughes Medical Institute invites curious kids to explore biology...on screen, off screen, and in between.

Ask a Scientist connects you to some of the top scientists in the country, and each of them is connected to the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. If you've got a question about medicine, human biology, animals, biochemistry, microbiology, genetics,or evolution, then please, Ask a Scientist!

quarta-feira, 8 de outubro de 2008

Why America's Problem Is Cultural

Not Political
by Stephen Gabow
Published on Tuesday, October 7, 2008 by CommonDreams.org

Here are some questions that ask the same thing in different ways. How can McCain/Palin even stand a chance in this election, given the state of the country? Why hasn't "conservative" become a dirty word, given the results of the last 8 (or is it 30) years of conservative rule? How come the Republicans get away with lies, dirty tricks, thievery and gross hypocrisy, over and over again? Why are congressional Democrats so spineless, so deferential around Republicans?

I think the answer is that conservatives and Republicans are more attuned to the American people and to the roots of American culture. I cringe to say this, but somehow deep in our values, hopes and dreams we are primed to be conservative. And the Democrats, being politicians, can sense it; they know it in their heart of hearts.

To begin with, America has been soaked in poisonous homegrown racism for three hundred years. It affects every American child. Yet even aside from that elephant-in-the-room, we have to fight our native culture to maintain a leftist perspective.

Citizens of other countries can draw on their own revered cultural icons to promote rebellion or revolution, or the notion of a social community. In 2004 Canadians voted for "The Greatest Canadian." Tommy Douglas, a socialist and reformer known as Canada's 'father of Medicare,' won the honor. The English have Robert Owen, the French have Emile Zola, the Germans Karl Marx, among many others.

What about the USA, home of revolutionary democracy? Who do we have? Franklin Roosevelt? Joe Hill and Eugene Debs? Martin Luther King? The freedom riders? Elizabeth Staunton and Susan B. Anthony? Mario Savio? Malcolm X? John Brown? Tom Paine? Emma Goldman? With the exception of King and FDR we remember these people only vaguely, if at all. Our founding father heroes have been stripped of their revolutionary content, to emerge in our times as staunch Christian conservatives. Whether Thomas Jefferson was actually an agnostic social revolutionary is not the point; he is perceived as something else.

We love stories about poor boys making it big. Who of us has not dreamt of being a millionaire? We admire and love Bill Gates and Henry Ford by making their lives into stories of good men working hard and earning their wealth and freedom, and by excising anything negative from their stories. Our high school students know that Henry Ford built the first mass-produced automobiles, and that he offered a living wage to his workers. We don't recall, though, that Ford advocated for Hitler and published anti-Semitic crap in his Dearborn Independent.

On TV and radio we are deluged by endless get-rich-quick commercials; one salesman after another hawking his easier, faster way to make "life-changing" money. Or we peek into millionaire mansions, the "cribs" of the rich and famous, the garages full of Ferraris and Rollses. Or we watch the parade of new luxury products. Is greed really good, we wonder? Haven't too many Americans come to believe that making money in itself is a goal worthy of a lifetime's pursuit? In Thailand they talk of "suspiciously wealthy" individuals--people so rich one should be suspicious of how they got it. We have no similar concept.

Who can count the American heroes dispensing justice from their fists or from the barrel of a gun? From John Wayne to Charles Bronson, Dirty Harry to Rambo and the young Vito Corleone, we thrill to our heroes walking tall, carrying a big stick (but preferably a gun, which is much more practical) to right the wrongs of society. They do it pretty much alone. No social action to achieve social justice here.

Rambo invades Vietnam to free American prisoners. Bronson's character fights and kills the evil inner city gangs. They both avoid the incompetent government and corrupt police force. A despicable judicial bureaucracy wrongly stops Dirty Harry from dispensing real justice.

Here we have a righteous vigilante who fights for freedom, and also, of course, his beloved family. The young Michael Corleone does what is necessary to "protect his family." We want to forget he is a gangster and murderer. We want to forget Bronson's character is killing, because he is right to fight evil in any way he can.

In all this there is a strong flavor of the virtuous ends justifying the means. If you have to lie, cheat and kill to achieve the Kingdom of God on earth (the true America), so be it. Sound familiar?

When Rambo blows up a hundred Vietnamese to rescue American prisoners, we know he's only killing bad guys. Bronson's character kills and the bad guys' blood runs in the streets. No innocent victims here!

We can't cheer Rambo in the real world, but we can swear our undying love for our soldiers, somehow forgetting that their messy job involves killing innocents. And when our fighters come up with slogans straight from Rambo, like "killing is our business, and business is good," we shrug.

Americans don't vote for eggheads. I remember Adlai Stevenson running against Eisenhower. Stevenson didn't stand a chance, not least because he was pegged as too intellectual to be President. We prefer our leaders to be plain spoken, practical men who don't think or read too much. A cowboy, maybe. It is hard to think of an American icon, fictional or real, who is an intellectual. Who comes closest? Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin, Mark Twain?

I bet John Wayne would be a strong supporter of the Bush administration. He would cheer us on to "victory" in Iraq and Afghanistan. We'd have to respect the opinion of such an American hero. But then we forget that John Wayne was born Marion Morrison, and it is documented that he was a draft dodger during World War II.

Stephen Gabow has been an activist since the Free Speech Movement and is a physical anthropologist, and Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at San Francisco State University.

Defend Science
Video of Defend Science Forum (UC Berkeley, 4/13/2006)
"The Attack on Scientific Thinking and Why We Must Defend Science"
Introduction (Jason Curtis / Mike Hadfield)
Dennis Baldocchi
Steve Palumbi
Kevin Padian
Q & A

sábado, 13 de setembro de 2008

The Scientists : A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors


By John Gribbin
Random House

About this book
In this new and landmark history of modern science, author and trained astrophysicist John Gribbin recounts the development of science over the past five-hundred years—as seen specifically through the lives and achievements of individual scientists.

John Gribbin has written extensively before on scientific subjects such as the theory of everything, the existence of reality, and Schrödinger's cat. However, in The Scientists, he shifts his focus to the people who have conceived and produced modern science's theories, inventions, and innovations. He examines the times in which these scientists lived and worked and how their particular contributions influenced the overall development and direction of scientific inquiry. In the process, Gribbin not only re-evaluates the significance of such venerable icons as Galileo, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Linus Pauling, but he also examines lesser lights whose stories have been undeservedly neglected.

Invaluable for those studying the history of science, and useful for those considering the impact of science on stages of history from the Renaissance and up to the present-day, The Scientists is ultimately a completely original, expansive, and nuanced survey of the most important scientific figures of the past half-millennium.

"Well written and scholarly, it is still accessible....[Gribbin] also clearly understands the important role that technology played in making science's greatest discoveries possible....Highly recommended for public and academic libraries or as a text for the history of science."—Library Journal

"As expansive (and as massive) as a textbook...explores the development of modern science through the individual stories of philosophers and scientists both renowned and overlooked."—Publishers Weekly

"Admirably ambitious in scope.... Highly recommended." M. Schiff, CUNY College of Staten Island for Choice Magazine (American Library Association)

“Essential reading...tells the story of science as a sequence of witty, information-packed tales...complete with humanizing asides, glimpses of the scientist’s personal life and amusing anecdotes.” —London Sunday Times, Books of the Year
Table of Contents

Last Chapter
Coda: The Pleasure of Finding Things Out
The book ends this way: "And what motivates the great scientists is not the thirst for fame or fortune (although that can be a seductive lure for the less-than-great scientists), but what Richard Feynman called 'the pleasure of finding things out', a pleasure so satisfying that many of those great scientists, from Newton to Cavendish and from Charles Darwin to Feynman himself, have not even bothered to publish their findings unless pressed by their friends to do so, but a pleasure that would hardly exist if there were no truths to discover."

Science : A History - 1543-2001 by John Gribbin

Book Review
PD Smith
The Guardian,

Saturday September 21 2002
In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), Thomas S Kuhn tried to break free from the traditional view of scientific discovery as resulting from the heroic achievements of the great men of science. Kuhn announced a "historiographic revolution", arguing that the history of science was not merely the story of a steadily accumulating body of facts, but a complex activity embedded in a historical, social and philosophical context.
In his latest book, the astrophysicist and prolific science writer John Gribbin rejects Kuhn's view and reverts to exploring the progress of science through the lives of scientists. He admits that such an "old-fashioned" approach will be unpopular among "professional historians", but argues that "the two keys to scientific progress are the personal touch and building gradually on what has gone before. Science is made by people, not people by science."
His journey through the history of science begins in 1543, the publication date of two seminal texts: Vesalius's On the Structure of the Human Body and Copernicus's On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies. Both works radically transformed our view of ourselves and our place in the universe: they caused (to use Kuhn's apt phrase) a paradigm shift in our understanding of the world.
From the origins of western science in the Renaissance, Gribbin plots his course for the present day, travelling via the Newtonian and Darwinian revolutions, astronomy, chemistry, geology, and atomic theory, before arriving in the modern era with the New Physics, genetics and the Big Bang.
Gribbin aims at giving his reader "a feel for the full sweep of science", and he succeeds brilliantly. There are some omissions though: the attempts of Freud and others to explain the workings of the mind are ignored, and meteorology (charted so wonderfully in Richard Hamblyn's The Invention of Clouds) is barely mentioned. But even scientists have to be selective in their choice of data.
Gribbin presents science as a cumulative process. He agrees with Newton that scientists make their discoveries "by standing on the shoulders of giants". But as the story behind this phrase shows, the history of science can also be a very human, not to say petty, affair.
The comment appears in what was supposed to be a letter of reconciliation to Robert Hooke, who had been justifiably annoyed by Newton's failure to acknowledge his contribution to the theory of light. Newton's ambiguous phrase also implies he was a "mental pygmy" and definitely not one of the giants of science on whose shoulders Newton stood. But Hooke recognised the true value of science when he told Newton that, despite their personal animus, they were united in their commitment to "the discovery of truth" and had "minds equally inclined to yield to the plainest deductions of reason from experiment".
As in the arts, individual achievement is undoubtedly an important part of science. But it is the scientific method for discovering the truth through rational discourse and experiment that makes science (to quote Gribbin) "arguably the greatest achievement" of the human mind. It seems Newton, "a nasty piece of work" who "always harboured grudges", rather missed the point.
Einstein once tried to warn off biographers by saying that what is essential in the life of a scientist is "what he thinks and how he thinks, and not what he does or suffers". Surprisingly, given his biographical approach, Gribbin is also rather dismissive of personal details, commenting brusquely at one point that Darwin's family life "is not what matters". As Randal Keynes showed in Annie's Box, Darwin's family life can cast light on his science.
But if he is rather unadventurous in exploring individual psychology, Gribbin excels at making complex science intelligible to the general reader. His chapter on atoms and molecules is a model of clarity. Similarly, his account of Faraday's ground-breaking exploration of electricity is charged with the excitement of discovery. Gribbin has a real passion for his subject, and is at his best describing the development of physics. If you're looking for a book that captures the personal drama and achievement of science, then look no further.